Case Flow Chart:

Case Flow Chart:

 Litigation: Litigation means legal actions and all the Proceedings there of.


 Case: Case is a General term, which is a mechanism  for taking legal Action. Case includes suit and Miscellaneous Case. All Suit are case, but all cases  are not essentially suit.


 Suit of civil nature means a Suit where right to property or right to office is contented.


 Civil Court has got the jurisdiction to take cognizance of suit of civil nature and try it.


 Suit: The case which is presented by Submitted Plaint before a Competent Civil Court is Called Suit.


 Miscellaneous case: The case which is Instituted to a competent court of jurisdiction by filing an application is called Miscellaneous Case.


 Special Civil Court: Special Civil Court will prevail Over the  general Civil Court  purely religious matter cannot be tried by the Civil Court. but when the religious matter Relates with Post, then the Civil Court may entertain the suit.

Question: Appeal, Revision, Review and Reference:

Question: Appeal, Revision, Review and Reference:

Appeal:

Apple is a expansion of a suit and a right given by law. A person aggrieved by an original decree passed by a Court. The person may file an appeal in an proper Court of appeal. Under  section 96 of the code of civil procedure normally only  parties of the original suit may file an appeal but There may be a cases when a person who was not a party in the original suit may file an appeal against a decree if he is affected by that Decree.

Powers of the Appellate  court under  section 107 of the code.

1. The Appellate court Shall have power to determine a case finally.

2. The Appellate court Shall have power to remand a case.

3. The Appellate court Shall have power to  frame issues and refer them for trial; and

4. The Appellate court Shall have power to take additional Evidence Or require Such evidence to be taken.

In addition, the Appellate court Shall have same Powers and shall perform on court of Original Jurisdiction in respect of Suits instituted there in

To determine the case finally:

 The Appellate Court Shall make every try to decide the case Finally on  merit taking into  consideration the evidence on record, The Appellate Court empowered to  Consider all  questions of law and fact and decide the case Finally. However it can decide a question of law even though it was not raised in the trial Court.

Remanding a Suit:

An appeal may be remanded when a suit is disposed of upon a preliminary point. The Appellate court may remand the suit and It may also direct What issue or issues Shall be tried in the Suit remanded.

if the disposal of the suit by the trial Court is on a preliminary point, Only then Remand can be Ordered.

Remand is deprecated by the Superior Courts. If the evidence on record is Sufficient for the Appellate Court to finally decided the questions raised in the appeal. There is no scope of remanding a suit.

Taking of additional evidence:

Only under the following circumstances The Appellate court may allow  such evidence  to be produced.

1. when the trial court has refused to allow an evidence which should have been allowed/admitted or

2. when the Appellate court itself requires any document to be produced.

3. If a party files any application for taking additional evidence, the Appellate court  is required to consider.

i. Whether the party had a chance to produce such evidence in the trial Court.

ii. whether there is any relevant statement in the Pleadings of the parties.

iii. Whether the trial  Court refused  to admit  that evidence without any valid reasons.

Stay of Proceedings and of executions:

Filing of an appeal is not sufficient to stay the Proceedings pending before the Lower court.

1. If the Appellate court is satisfied that loss may result to the party unless the Order is made.

2.  The Application has been made without any unreasonable delay.

3. Security has been given by the applicant for  due performance of the decree.

4. A Order of Stay may be passed.

Where There is no appeal There is a Revision.

Revision: section 115 of the code:

Revision means reconsideration, reappraisal, re-appreciation, revaluation of the order of the court. It Relates to questions  of law.

An aggrieved  party may file a revision against a decree or order that has been passed by the court of district judge, Additional district judge or against a decree passed by court of joint District judge, senior Assistant judge or Assistant judge to the High Court.

An aggrieved party may file a revision against an  order which has been passed  by a court of joint District judge, senior Assistant Judge or Assistant judge from which no Appeal lies.

The Court may call for the record If The  record has committed any error of law resulting in an error in such decree or Order Causing failure of Justice.

A court  of  Additional  District  Judge shall have all the powers of the district judge in respect of a revision transferred to it by the District Judge.

A Revision against an Order of the District Judge or Additional District judge shall be before the High Court Division where the high court division grants leave for such Revision.

Power’s of  the Revision Court:

A revision court may exercise its  power:-

1. when there is an error of  law of the.  And The error of law caused failure of justice.

2. When  the procedure followed by the lower court was not legal.

3. When the lower Court acted without jurisdiction.

4. When the lower court acted illegally.

5. When there is Misreading of evidence, Non-Consideration of any legal evidence. 

Limitation for filing of a Revision  application:

There is no period of limitation for filing a revision Application. However The  established principal is that such an application is to be filed within ninety days. It is also  settled that in a suitable Case.

When a revision is a filed before a District judge.  Limitation for filing Revision shall be  (thirty) 30 days because the period of limitation for filing an appeal before the District Judge is  30 (thirty)  days.

Distinction between appeal and revision:

1. The scope of appeal is wider then revision.

2. Appeal is a expansion of Suit. Appeal may be  filed challenging  the question of law and facts. On the other hand, Revision lies only in the law point. Revision court will see whether the court below Committed an error of law causing failure of Justice.

3. All decree are appealable save three decree such as 

i. Decree passed on Compromise.

ii. Decree passed under section 9 of S.R Act and

iii. The Small Cause Court Act, 1887.

iv. All Orders are emendable except Order Listed Out as appealable Order under Order 43 Rule 1 and Section 104 of CPC.

v. Where There is no appeal, There is Revision.

Review: The relevant provision are section:114,  Order 47  Rule: 1 to 9 of the CPC.

Any person is aggrieved by a Decree or Order.  The person may apply for a review against the decree or the order. And The Court may make such order as The Court thinks fit.

Reference: The Relevant  provisions are  section 113 Order: 46 Rule: 1 to 7,  CPC  Any Court may state a case and refer the same for the opinion of the High Court Division and The High Court Division may make such order as  the court thinks fit.

Difference between Appeal and Revision:

1. An appeal lies to the Superior Court, while a  review lies to same Court.

2. Review of a Judgement involves of the same subject matter by the same Judge. While Appeal is heard by a different Judge.

3. The ground of appeal are wider than the grounds of Review.

4. The power of Appellate court is wider than court of Review.

5. Where There is Appeal, There is no Review.

Consequence of Appearance and Non- appearance of parties ?

Question: Consequence of Appearance and Non- appearance of parties ?

And:

Order: 9 Rule: 1

Parties appear on day fixed in Summons for  defendant to appear and answer. The parties shall be in attendance at the court house in person or by their respective Advocate and then the suit shall be heard unless the  hearing is  adjourned to a future day fixed by the court.

Order 9 Rule 2 , 3 and 4

Rule: 2 

Dismissal of Suit where Summons not Served in Consequence of Plaintiff’s failure to pay Costs:

Suit shall be dismissed for default due to non-payment of postal code or Court fees for the service of summons.

Rule: 3  Suit may be dismissed for non-appearance of the parties on the date of final hearing.

Rule: 4  Remedies for setting aside :

1. Party may file fresh suit.

2. party may file an application which will be treated as miscellaneous Case.

 Remedy

party may do Revision against  judgement of miscellaneous case. It is a  remedy against judgement of miscellaneous case. 

Rule: 5

Where Plaintiff fails for one month to apply for fresh summons after  summons returned unserved.

 The court shall make an Order that the Suit be dismissed against defendant unless the plaintiff has satisfied the court that 

He  has failed to discover the defendants residence after his best try or

Such defendant is avoiding service of process, or

There is any other sufficient cause for  extending the time of  service of process.

The Plaintiff  may bring a fresh suit in such case- Subject to the law of limitation.

Order:9 Rule:8

Suit shall be dismissed for non-appearance of the plaintiff at the time of final hearing. But Decree may be passed in absence of the Plaintiff. When the defendant admit plaintiff claim.

Remedies for dismissal of suit:

Rule: 9  Plaintiff shall not do a fresh suit, of the same cause of action. Where a suit is the wholly or partly dismissed under  rule 8 for not appearance before the court. But he may apply for set aside the dismissal decision if he satisfies  the court for his Non- appearance. Then the Court shall make an order  to set aside the dismissal decision. But such order shall not be made unless notice of the application has been served  on the opposite party.

Order: 9 Rule: 9A

 The Court may set aside the suit dismissal without any evidence to satisfy the court about sufficient causes  but The plaintiff shall pay such cost not exceeding One thousand take The dismissal shall not be set aside under the rule 8 unless an application is  make with to the court within thirty days of the dismissed date by the Plaintiff and also such dismissal shall not be set aside more than once under  Rule: 9A.

The court is made setting aside Ex-parte dismissal and The Court shall notice to the defendant.

Order: 9 Rule: 10 

Where There are more plaintiffs than one and one or more of them appear in the court and the other Plaintiff do not appear. The court may be procee the suit as if  all the plaintiff has appeared.

Order: 9 Rule: 11 

Where  there are more defendants than one and one or more of them appear in the court and the other defendants do not appear in the court. The court shall make such order as if all the defendants had  appeared at the time of  pronouncing judgement.

Order: 9 Rule: 12 

If court has been ordered to appear a plaintiff or defendant in person. But the Plaintiff or dependent fail to appear and also fail to show sufficient Cause to the satisfaction of the court. In such case The case of Plaintiff’s shall be dismissed and The case of Differential shall be Ex-parte.

Order:9 Rule: 6,7, 13A and 13.

Order:9 Rule: 6

Suit shall be disposed of Ex-party for Non- appearance of the defendants at the time of final hearing.

when the Summons was not  duly served. The court shall direct a Second Summons  to be issued and  Summons served on the defendant.

 When Summons served, but not in due time The Court shall postpone the hearing of the suit to a future day. The court shall give notice of such day to the defendant.

When  the Plaintiff’s default that Summons  was not duly served, The Court shall order the Plaintiff’s to pay the costs made by the postponement.

Order:9 Rule: 7 

Where The court has adjourned the hearing of The Suit Ex-parte. and The defendent appears and  puts good cause for his previous Non-appearance. The court be heard in  answer to the suit as if he had  appeared on the day fixed for his appearance.

Remedies against Ex-Parte Decree:

There are the five Remedies against Ex-Parte Decree.

1. Setting aside Ex-Parte Decree under order 9, Rule 13A.

2. Miscellaneous case under the order 9, Rule 13.

3. Appeal under section 96 of CPC.

4. Revision under section 114 of the CPC.

5. Independent suit if the Ex-Parte decree was obtained by practicing  fraud under the section 42/39 of  the Specific Relief Act, 1877.

 Remedies against judgement and order of miscellaneous case is Revision or Appeal if The Mise case is allowed.

 Order:9 Rule:13

Setting aside decree  Ex-Parte against defendants:

A decree is passed Ex-Parte  against a defendant. The Defendant may apply to the court to set aside The Decree and if he satisfied the court that the Summons  was not duly served  or that he was  prevented from  appearing before the court. The court may make an Order setting aside  the decree. And The Court shall fix a date for the preceding with the suit.

Order:9 Rule:13A

 The court may set aside the decree without evidence to satisfy about the sufficient cause. But the defendant shall pay such cost not exceeding  three thousand take.

The decree shall not be set aside unless an application is made with affidavit  within thirty Days by the defendant.

Provided that The decree shall not be set aside more than once.

The court shall send a notice at the cost of the  defendant upon the Plaintiff’s.

Order:9 Rule:14

 Therefore Decree shall not be set aside on any such application as aforesaid unless notice has been served on the Opposite Party.

Order:9 Rule:15

Where the dismissal of a suit is set aside under rule 4 or rule 9 or a degree is  set aside  under  rule 13.

The suit shall proceed from the stage where The suit was before the making of the order  of dismiss or passing of the Ex-Parte Decree.

Discuss the salient feature of the execution of Decree ?

Question: Discuss the salient feature of the execution of  Decree ?

And: Execution of Decree and Orders (section 36  to 74 and order 21 of the code of civil procedure, 1908.

It has been said that in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the difficulties of Litigant begins when he was obtained  a Decree.

 A Decree Holder  puts it in execution to get the benefit of the decree. The unsuccessful party goes  to the  Appeal court  or Revision for doing set aside or modified the degree of the court. The decree is to be executed unless and until the Decree is get to the bottom of in the decree passed by the Higher Court.

Court competent to execute the degree:

Section: 38 A decree may be executed either by the court which passed it or by the court to which it is sent for execution.

Section: 38-46 and order 21 rule 3-9 deal with transfer of decree, mode of transfer and function of the transferee court.

 A Decree may be   transferred by the court passed the Decree.

1. The court may be transferred to the same district court (Rule 5) or  in  other District court (Rule 5) or High Court Division (Rule 9).  

2. The code is sending a degree to another code for execution.

3. The court shall send a copy of the decree.

4. The court shall send a certificate that the decree remains unsatisfied.

5. The court shall send a copy of the Order for Execution.

 Limit of  time for execution (Section:48)

A Lower Court can be executed within 3 years in case of without registration the decree or order.

If The Decree or Order  would be registered in such case Six years. On the other side A High Court can be Executed within 12 years. under  Article 183 of the limitation Act.

Functions of the executing Court:

Court executing the decree cannot question the Legality  of a Decree but The execution court can arise the following question by  way of exception.

1.  The court Can be any objection on the question that the court passed the decree. The Court  had no jurisdiction to pass it.

2. The question of territorial or pecuniary Jurisdiction does not arise when  the decree is to be Executed by the same Court Which passed the decree. But if the decree be insufficiency the executive Court. 

because the decree was passed again the Dead Men. The execution court may question on it.

3. When the degree is ambiguity. The execution Court may interpret the degree. The executing Court competent to the conduct the decree and it just/ Proper meaning.

Mode of Execution: 

The mode of execution of Decree depends on the nature of a Decree.

The Decree may be of;

1. For recovery of money.

2. For specific performance of contract. Or

3. For recovery of  specific  Immovable property or

4. For  restitution of conjugal rights etc.

section 30 to 36 deal with the mode of execution of each of the above Decree.

Execution  case has to  file in a prescribed from [Order 21 Rule 10 (2)]  

1. Notice does not require to issue to the judgement debtor. if the Execution case is made with 2 years from the date of degree.

2. Notice is required if it is made legal representative.

Arrest and Detention:

The remedy of arrest and detention in Civil prison is available only against the judgement-debtor in a money Decree.

A notice is to be issued to show Cause before arresting him. The procedure laid down in under section 37-40 are to be followed.

A decree is Executable in the manner and the procedure as laid down in Order 21 of the code of civil procedure.

However A decree passed in a suit for specific performance of contract or for restitution of conjugal rights or for injunction cannot be executed like other degree but can be enforced in the manner in rule 32 of Order 21. A Simple declaratory decree also may not be Executable.

An executable decree is executed by filing an application for executive. order 21 Rule 10 to 19. If There is any Bona fide mistake. The court may allow the defects to be corrected and if after giving an opportunity to  correct the defects but the decree holder fails. The Execution  application may be rejected.

Powers of Executing Court:

An executing code is to execute the decree as it stands. There is no power of executing Court to go beyond, but the degree may refuse to execute, if the decree is a passed again dead  man or passed by the court having no Jurisdiction.

Stay of Execution case: 

An execution case may be stayed for a reasonable time upon Showing Sufficient Cause. The principal have been mentioned in the chapter on appeals. The power given is discretionary.

This rule applies  when judgement debtor files a subsequent suit  challenging the Validity of the degree but This rule will not apply when a third  party files a Suit against the decree holder. The power is to be executed Judiciously.

Intervention of third party in a civil proceeding, order 21 rule 58, 89 to  91, 101-103

Rule: 58 
if  Third person Property is wrongly attested in execution of a Decree Property.  The third person may file miscellaneous case under order 21 rule 58 for releasing the attachment Order.

Rules 89 to 91:
Decree holder or buyer has affected by auctions sale. Decree holder or buyer may set aside the auction Sale Calling those Provisions.


Rules: 100-103
আইনকে নিজের হাতে না নেওয়া, যদি অন্য ব‍্যক্তি  দখলে থাকলে । V.V. Important.

If a person other than the judgement debtor is dispossessed of an Immovable property by the decree holder. The person may file an application Under Rule 100 for the possession of such Property before the court after receiving  Such an application,
The court shall fix a day for investigating the matter and the could shall issue summons upon the person against whom the application has been made. If The Court is satisfied on  investigation that the application was in position on his own account. The possession shall be Restored to the applicant. There is no scope of considering whether he has any title to the property. Any person transferee from the judgement debtor can not get any relief under this Rule. Moreover such relief also cannot be given by Calling  inherent power of the Court.

A party filed a suit under the rule 103 for  establishment of his right to the present possession of the property and The party’s made a prayer for holding back the direction given under  Rule 101 to restore possession to the person  dispossessed as a result of execution of a Decree.

A mandatory provision under sub-rule (2) of  rule 100 is that
Any order can not be passed without issuing a notice upon the party against whom the application is made. only after  appearance of that party and after hearing him and Considering the evidence produced by him, an Order  shall be passed.

(যদি ক্রেতা  স্থাবর সম্পত্তি দখলে না থাকে, অন্য ব্যক্তির স্থাবর সম্পত্তি দখলে থাকে। তখন ক্রেতা  নিজের দখলে নেওয়ার জন্য দখলদার ব্যক্তিকে আক্রমণ করলে। তখন দখল ব্যক্তি মামলা করতে পারবে।)

Techniques of Cross Examination both in civil Suits and criminal case:

Techniques of Cross Examination both in civil Suits and criminal case:

Introduction: cross examination is a great art. It cannot be gained over night or a day. It is required regular deep hard-working practice. Our Apex court said in it’s judgment that cross examination is the greatest legal Enquiry even invented for discovery of Truth. Therefore it is said to find out the truth or falsity in a case where the evidence play vital role. The greatest significance of cross examination is that where the statement of witness is not tested by  cross examination. The statement cannot be admissible in evidence against a party.

The Evidence Act 1872 has given some rules to do cross examination of witness in Chapter 7.

Section 137 said that the Examination of the witness by the adverse party is called his course examination.

Section 138 provides that cross examination must related to relevant facts a person Summoned to prosuce a document does not become a witness. And he cannot be cross examined until and unless he is called as a witness. Witness to Character may be Cross-Examined.

Section 143: leading question can be asked.

Section 145: A witness may be Cross-examined for his previous statement.

Section 161: if any person of the code of civil procedure can be denied  in such cases.

Section 146 to 105 have given enough power to the cross examiner in finding out the truth by  way of cross examination.

A witness may be asked questions:

1. To test his honesty.

2. To discover who is he and what is his position in life.

3. To shake his credit by injuring character.

4. To break down the evidence in chief or where this  is not possible.

5. To weaken its Impact that he was lying.

6. To being new evidence to light which contradicts the evidence in Chief.

7. To destroy the witness Reliability.

This may be done even with an expert witness. For example, Once I Opened my Cross Examination of medical expert with the question.

What is a phylogenic Granuloma? He didn’t know the answer and tried to fudge/ Poppycock it. Which didn’t really help him.

General rules of cross examination:

Evidence is not Challenged in cross examination. The evidence is taken to be a accepted by the other side. so it is necessary to cross examine a witness on all the material facts which are Disputed.

Questions in cross examination must either be relevant to the issue in hand or the witness credit.

Hostile witness can be cross examined by the party who called him as witness  as per section 154 of the 1872 Act.

In order to conduct cross-examination the lawyer must study the relevant very carefully. A lawyer Who is well known with the whole facts of the case,

 he could be able to fight his adversary with confidence.

The lawyer should have taken down a note when The examination in chif goes on making important point in his  forever. The note will be very helpful at the time of cross examination of witness.

There are the some rule to be the follow in cross examination which may be called Golden rule of cross Examination.

If a beginner follow the rule it will not be difficult for  him to conduct cross examination in an effective manner. 

The rule or stated as under

1. Be brief as you can.

2. Stop when you get what you want.

3. Use reading question.

4. keep  dismay secret.

5. Never jump back  in alarm do not know the answer.

6. Do not ask questions to which you do not know the answer.

7. Never ask why and How.

8. Do not even into the argument with a witness.

9. Cross on previous statement.

10. Cross confidently and Courageously.

11. Watch cross at  court house and learn some technique to cross expert witness.

For Cross- Examination of Doctor a lawyer need to acquire some knowledge on Medical jurisdiction.

Cross-Examination is the most effective weapon Provided by the law against the opposite party.

To state the truth before the court and exposed false  Hood of a witness who is a lie.

It is  very difficult to handle this weapon. It is a double edged sword.

knowledge on general Rules of evidence as well as a special Rules of evidence.

To become a good trial lawyer one must be well conversant as to the general rule of evidence.

1. Evidence Act, 1872.

2. Special Rules of evidence in Chapter 41 of the code of criminal procedure  section 509 to 512.

3. The Bankers Books Evidence Act, 1891.

4. The commercial document Evidence Act, 1939.

5. Family court Ordinance 1985.

6. The state Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 of section 144A.

Technique of proving document Evidence:

Instrument which is defined in section 3 of this Act.

Instrument means a non testamentary instrument. Instrument means document A civil case regarding  dispute of title may be prima facie by the adducing documentary evidence like deed. legal instruments evidences all rights, title and interest in people.

Non-testamentary instrument like sale deed, mortgage deed,  gift deed etc are the Covered in the definition.

PW=Plaintiff of witness.

PW=Prosecution witness.

DW=Defendant witness.

 DW=Defends witness.

CW= Court witness.

OPW= Opposite Parties witness.

Document exhibited by the plaintiff be marked as Ex 1,2,3

Document exhibited by the Defendant be marked as Ex A,B,C

Same Nature’s of documents be marked as Ext 1 series, A series.

Material Ext : i, ii, iii, ETC.

Conclusion: Cross-examinationr needs/requires the nature gifts. The natural talent is not the sufficient by itself. it has to be developed by the master full knowledge of the subject matter  itself and by carefully the principals relating to  cross examination.

ইহুদী জাতি কেন হযরত মুহাম্মদ সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়া সাল্লাম কে নবী হিসাবে বিশ্বাস করে না।

ইহুদী জাতি কেন হযরত মুহাম্মদ সাল্লাল্লাহু  আলাইহি ওয়া সাল্লাম কে নবী হিসাবে বিশ্বাস করে না।

                             1. Taboot  E  Sakina.

একজন ইহুদী আল্লাহ তায়ালা কে ঈশ্বর হিসাবে মান করে।

এবং তার এবাদত করে কিন্তু আল্লাহর তায়ালার শেষ দুজন সম্মাননীত  নবী কে, নবী হিসাবে বিশ্বাস করে না।

একজন ইহুদী, একজন ব্যক্তি সত্য নবী কি না তা পরীক্ষা করে যেভাবে তা আমি বলছি। তারা একজন ব্যক্তি, যে নিজেকে নবী হিসাবে দাবী করে তার কথার সাথে ইহুদী দের পবিত্র কিতাব তাওরাত কোন অমিল আছে কি না। তা তারা পরীক্ষা করে দেখে।

দ্বিতীয় পরীক্ষা করে  যে, যে ব‍্যক্তি নবী দাবি করে, তার কথায় শত ভাগ সত্যতা আছে কি না। উদাহরণ স্বরূপ একজন ব্যক্তি নবী দাবি করে বলল কালকে দুপুর  দুইটার সময় লাল রঙের বৃষ্টি হবে। যদি কালকে দুপুর ১:৫৫ মিনিটে বৃষ্টি হলে তার কথা মিথ্যা। সেই ব‍্যক্তির কথা সত্য হতে হলে ঠিক দুপুর  দুইটার সময় লাল রঙের বৃষ্টি হতে হবে।

তৃতীয় পরীক্ষা করে  যে, যে ব‍্যক্তি নবী দাবি করে সে ইহুদীয়ের পবিত্র ধর্ম ছেড়ে, তার প্রচার করা  ধর্ম গ্রহণ করতে ইহুদী দের বাধ্য করে কি না।

ইহুদীরা মুসলমান দের নবী হযরত মুহাম্মদ সাল্লাল্লাহু এবং  খৃষ্টান ধর্মের  নবী  হযরত ঈসা আঃ কে নবী হিসাবে বিশ্বাস করে না।

প্রধানত, এই কারণে মুসলমান দের সাথে ইহুদী দের সম্পর্ক, অনেকটা দা-কুমড়া সম্বন্ধের মতো।

এই ধরনের সম্পর্ক হওয়ার প্রধান কারণ হলো প্রতিটি ধর্মের মানুষ তার নিজের ধর্মের প্রধান পবিত্র কিতাব সম্পর্কে পরিপূর্ণ জ্ঞান রাখেন না।

কোনো ইহুদী যদি পবিত্র তাওরাত কিতাব পরিপূর্ণ ভাবে পাঠ করে তাহলে সে অবশ্যই হযরত মুহাম্মদ সাল্লাল্লাহু এবং হযরত ঈসা আঃ এর উপর পরিপূর্ণ বিশ্বাস স্থাপন করবে।

ঠিক একই কথা একজন মুসলিম ও খৃষ্টান লোকের উপর প্রযোজ্য হবে।

সকল ধর্মের ঈশ্বর এক। ঈশ্বর যদি চাই তেন , তা হলে পৃথিবীর সকল মানুষ কে একই ধর্মের  অন্তর্ভুক্ত  করে  দিতে পারতেন। এর ফলে, যারা ঈশ্বর কে অবিশ্বাস করেন, তাদের  জন্য  ঈশ্বর রুপার নির্মিত   বাড়ি তৈরি করে দিতেন। কারণ হলো ঈশ্বর ন‍্যায় বিচারক।

এখন যদি আপনি বলেন যে, শেষের কথাটি আমি কি লিখলাম। তা আপনি বুঝতে পারছেন না।

তখন আমি উত্তরে বলবো, যদি আপনার মনে এই ধরনের প্রশ্নের উদ্ভব হয়, এর মানে হলো আপনি আপনার প্রধান ধর্মীয় পবিত্র কিতাব সম্পর্কে পরিপূর্ণ জ্ঞান রাখেন না। তাই আমার বিনীত অনুরোধ আপনার প্রতি, আগে প্রধান পবিত্র কিতাব সম্পর্কে পরিপূর্ণ জ্ঞান অর্জন করেন। তার পর ধর্মীয় কিতাবের সহকারী কিতাব পাঠ করেন । তা না হলে, ভুল পথে যাওয়া সম্ভব  অনেক বেশি।

ঈশ্বর এক, তার কোন শরীক নেই। তিনি  সব শক্তির মালিক।

লেখক:  যুবাইর মাহমুদ তালুকদার।

মানুষের দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি

মানুষের দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি:  

 এই পৃথিবীতে প্রতিটি মানুষের দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি আলাদা ধরনের। 

এখন প্রশ্ন হল দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি  কি ?

সহজ কথা দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি হচ্ছে একজন মানুষ এই পৃথিবীতে দেখা যায় বা অদৃশ্য বস্তু সম্পর্কে তার মনে যে ধারনা উদ্ভব হয় তা হল এই  মানুষের দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি। যে মানুষের দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি যত আলাদা অন‍্য মানুষ থেকে সেই মানুষ তত বেশি চিন্তা করতে পারে। উদাহরণ স্বরূপ একজন ব্যক্তি, সে যা দেখে বা শুনে সে তা বিশ্বাস করে। আবার অন‍্য দিকে একজন ব‍্যক্তি সে যা দেখে বা শুনে সে তার উপর চিন্তা ভাবনা করে। উত্তম দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি মানুষের বৈশিষ্ট্য হলো তার ব‍্যবহার অতি উত্তম। তার মধ্যে অহংকার নেই। সে অহংকার কে আগুনের মত ভয় পায়। কারন হলো আগুন যেমন করে কোন জিনিস কে পুড়িয়ে দেয়। ঠিক একই ভাবে অহংকার একজন মানুষের জ্ঞান ও  উত্তম দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি কে পুড়িয়ে দেয়। এর ফলে একজন মানুষের কাজকর্ম আর একটি গাঁদার কাজকর্ম  মাঝে আর কোন প্রাথক‍্য থাকে না। আসল কথা হলো আপনার দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি সাথে অন্য মানুষের দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি একই হলে আপনাকে অবশ্যই মনে করতে হবে। আপনার জ্ঞান এই ব‍্যক্তি থেকে অনেক কম। ঠিক একই ভাবে মনে রাখতে হবে। সংখ্যা দিক দিয়ে অনেক বেশি মানুষের দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি থেকে আপনার দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি আলাদা হলে মনে রাখতে হবে। আপনার এই দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি দুই রকমের একটি হতে পারে। প্রথমটি হচ্ছে, আপনার দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি সবচাইতে ভালো অথবা আপনার দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি সবচাইতে খারাপ।

একজন মানুষ কিভাবে তার দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি কে উন্নত করতে পারে ? 

উত্তর হলো আপনাকে সর্বদা মনে রাখতে হবে,

"One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing."

"True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize How little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us."

(said Socrates)

উপরের উল্লেখিত দুইটি উক্তি সর্বদা মনে রাখলে আপনার দৃষ্টি ভঙ্গি উন্নত হওয়ার প্রক্রিয়াটি শুরু হবে। এটি এমন এক ধরনের প্রক্রিয়ায়, যার সমাপ্ত আর আপনার জীবনের সমাপ্তি একই  সুতা গাঁথা।

লেখক: যুবাইর মাহমুদ তালুকদার।

Limited liability partnership LLP

Limited liability partnership (LLP)

A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners  have limited liabilities. Therefore  It puts elements of partnerships and corporations. Each partner is not responsible  for another partner's misconduct In an LLP. An LLP must   also have at least one person known on a “General partner” who has unlimited  liability  of the company. The partner have the right to manage the business Directly.   LLP also contains a different level of tax liability from that of a corporation.




Characteristics of LLP:

1. Separate legal  entity: LLP also has a separate legal entity like a company.  So the partners and the LLP are  separate from each other. This is like a company where  partners are different from the company.
2. There is no   requirement of minimum capital to start an LLP.
3. And A limited liability partnership is not required to get their account audited.


Benefit of LLP:

1. LLB is more fixable to organise the internal structure.
2. There is no maximum limit for the number of partners in  Limited’ Liability partnership.
3. Limited Liability partnership is rising and utilisation of funds depends on the partners will.
4. LLB is exempt from Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT).
5. The professionals like CA, CS, Advocate, Enginers, Doctors, prefer to register LLP.


Disadvantages of LLP:

LLP as well have some limitations as below:
1. Any act of the partners may bind the LLP.
2. LLP can not raise money from the Public.
3. Generally Any investors and venture capital firms prefer not to invest in LLP Private Limited in preferred over  LLP.

Writer: Jubair Mahmud.

Why scientists can not find God?

Why scientists can not find God?

Suppose, A friend bought a house for you. According to the home address, you go out of the house to see the friend, but the funny thing is. You do not know where your friend's home address is located, so you come out of the house in the hope that Google Maps help you find your friend looking for a home. But the funny thing is. Your friend's new home is located in a location which is not possible to find Google Maps. Because Google Maps is currently in a lot of places where information is not available now, but after some time Google Maps adds recent information, your friend will be able to make new home address much easier. Because your friend house is located on an island, there is no other than your friend in that place.

If the address given by your friend goes away somewhere, if you say, "The friend who gave the address is not a friend home," then will this statement be true? The answer is not true because you will not be able to say this until you have passed the distance given to this address. Your friend is not on that island.

In the same way God has given us the address that God has given us long ago. The address is in different religious books.
The address I say is, scientists have to discover such a rocket. With whom the scientists can go to that place and see God. The reason is that if a person is so far away from that place, it will take 1,000 years to start the journey of the place, to reach a specific place.
Let the real thing come, where is God or what is God's address?

Answer: Which scientist must first discover such a rocket.
1. Which will cross the sky and go into space
2. Keep going from space to space until it crosses the sky of Universe. After crossing the sky of Universe.

3. When the rocket will go up again, they will come out of the sky of  Multiverse as well as sky of Universe .
 4. After that the rocket will go back upwards. And rockets will be out of the sky of  big Multiverse as well as Universe.
5. After that it will go back upwards. Then, like the super Multiverse, there would be another great world to come out of.
6. After that, they will have to go up again, they will have to come out of a great world like the Great World.
7. After that they will have to go up again and they will finally be out of the greatest world as a great world.

Then, in search of scientists in the rocket, we need to find them. The last world, (which is called the seventh heaven, because it is in the world's sky, the outer world with the sixth sky, or the last world covered by the last world), which is constantly moving around, (as the earth moves around the sun) is exactly the same In the end, the great world is rotating around a planet. This planet is continuously moving in the way of its own room, just like the sun. That is the end of one day in the great world, like the thousand years of the world.
The light of light which is visible from the central planet in the seventh world, is the absolute power that is the light of God.
Scientists say that God does not exist as a fool by searching for some part of the Earth.
Suppose, if scientists in the future say, "God exists," then those who have not believed God before, fools have heard the words. What can any scientists do to compensate for the loss of the losses they lost due to their disbelief and the loss of their lives?

Now you have a question that what will be the harm, if a person dies in God without believing.
All people will be resurrected after death, ie, by God's command
After the death of the human body, it is rotten. God writes a specific book that every part of the body turns into soil on the body. Human body will be rebuilt for a specific time. People will be resurrected with the same body as the body that was born before death. But sadly, those who disbelieve or who will be resurrected by God and again, will also be resurrected, but the belief that the body of the body will be reconstituted as disabled.
That is, the group of unbelief will be born again in the world as dumb, cannibal, boy.
This means that those who have believed or disbelieved or who were unbelievers or who were unbelievers on their limitations of knowledge of scientists or were resurrected. Their results will be the result of being disabled and being resurrected again.

Author: Jubair Mahmud Talukder.

বিজ্ঞানীরা কেন ঈশ্বর কে খোঁজে পারছেনা ?

বিজ্ঞানীরা  কেন  ঈশ্বর কে  খোঁজে পারছেনা ?

ধরেন, আপনার একজন বন্ধু একটি বাড়ি কিনেছে। বাড়ির  ঠিকানা অনুসারে আপনি ঘর থেকে বের হলেন  বন্ধু বাড়ি দেখার জন্য  কিন্তু মজার ব্যাপার হলো। আপনার বন্ধু বাড়ি যে ঠিকানার অবস্থান, সে জায়গায় আপনি চিনে না ।তাই আপনি, এই আশায় ঘর থেকে বের হলেন যে  গুগল মানচিত্র সাহায্য আপনি আপনার বন্ধু বাড়ির খোঁজে বের করবেন।

কিন্তু মজার ব্যাপার হচ্ছে। আপনার বন্ধু নতুন বাড়ি এমন জায়গায় অবস্থান যা গুগল মানচিত্র খোঁজে পাওয়া সম্ভব নয়। কারন গুগল মানচিত্র বর্তমান এমন অনেক জায়গায় আছে যার তথ্য হয় এখন দিতে পারছে না কিন্তু কিছু দিন পর  গুগল মানচিত্র সাম্প্রতিক তম তথ্য  সংযোজন করে, আপনার বন্ধু নতুন বাড়ি ঠিকানা অনেক সহজে দিতে পারবে। কারন হলো আপনার বন্ধু বাড়ি এমন একটি দ্বীপে অবস্থিত, সেই স্থানে আপনার বন্ধু ছাড়া আর কেউই ইতিপূর্বে আসে নেই ।

আপনার বন্ধু দেয়া ঠিকানা কিছু দূর যাওয়ার পর যদি আপনি বলেন, ‘’বন্ধু যে ঠিকানা দিয়েছে সে ঠিকানা বন্ধু বাড়ি নাই” তখন আপনার এই কথাটি কি সত্য হবে ? উত্তর না আপনার কথা সত্য নয় কারণ যতখন না আপনি এই ঠিকানা দেওয়া দূরত্ব অতিক্রম না করছেন তখন আপনি এই কথাটি বলতে পারবেন না। যে আপনার বন্ধু বাড়ি সেই দ্বীপে নেই।

একই ভাবে ঈশ্বর যে জায়গায় আছে তার ঠিকানা ঈশ্বর আমাদের অনেক আগে দিয়ে দিয়েছে। ঠিকানাটি বিভিন্ন ধর্মীয় বইতে রয়েছে।
ঠিকানাটি আমি বলছি, বিজ্ঞানীদের এমন একটি রকেট আবিষ্কার করতে হবে। যার সাহায্যে  বিজ্ঞানীরা সেই স্থান যেতে পারবে ও ঈশ্বর কে দেখতে পারবে। কারন হল, সেই জায়গায় টি এতই দূর যে কোনো মানুষ যদি, সে স্থানের উদ্দেশ্য যাত্রা শুরু করে তার এক হাজার বছর লাগবে, সে সুনির্দিষ্ট  জায়গায় পৌঁছাতে।
আসল কথা আসা যাক, ঈশ্বর কোথায় আছে বা ঈশ্বরের ঠিকানা কি?

উত্তর: কোন বিজ্ঞানী প্রথমে এমন একটি রকেট আবিষ্কার করতে হবে।
১. যা  পৃথিবী আকাশকে  অতিক্রম করে মহাকাশে যাবে এবং
২. মহাকাশ থেকে উপর দিকে যেতে থাকবে  যতক্ষণ না এই মহা বিশ্ব অতিক্রম করছে। মহা বিশ্ব অতিক্রম করা পর।

৩. রকেট  আবার উপরে দিকে যেতে হবে তখন তারা মহা বিশ্ব মত আর একটি মহা বিশ্ব ভিতর থেকে বের হবে। ৪. তার পর রকেট টি আবার উপরে দিকে যেতে হবে। এবং রকেট মহা বিশ্ব মতো আরো একটি মহা বিশ্ব ভিতর থেকে বের হতে হবে।
৫. তার পর আবার উপরে দিকে যেতে হবে। তখন মহা বিশ্ব মতো আরো একটি মহা বিশ্ব ভিতর থেকে বের হতে হবে।
৬. তার পর আবার উপরে দিকে যেতে হবে তখন তারা মহা বিশ্ব মতো আরো একটি মহা বিশ্ব ভিতর থেকে বের হতে হবে।
৭. তার পর তাদের আবার উপরে দিকে যেতে হবে তখন তারা সবশেষ মহা বিশ্ব মতো আরো একটি মহা বিশ্ব ভিতর থেকে বের হতে হবে।

তখন রকেট তে অবস্থা রত বিজ্ঞানীদের খোঁজে বের করতে হবে। সবশেষ মহা বিশ্ব, (যাকে অনেক সপ্তম আকাশ বলে, এর কারণ হলো এই স্থানে  পৃথিবীর আকাশে মত, পৃথিবীর বাহির আর ষষ্ঠ আকাশ  দিয়ে সবশেষ মহা বিশ্ব  আবৃত বা আচ্ছাদিত) যাকে কেন্দ্র করে অবিরাম ঘুরে চলেছে, (যেমন করে পৃথিবী সূর্যের চারদিকে ঘুরে) ঠিক একই ভাবে সবশেষ মহা বিশ্ব একটি গ্রহ কে কেন্দ্র করে ঘুরছে। এই গ্রহটি, সূর্যের মত নিয়েই নিজের কক্ষ পথে অবিরাম ঘুরে চলেছে। ঐই সবশেষ মহা বিশ্বের এক দিন পৃথিবীর হাজার বছরের সমান।
সপ্তম সবশেষ মহা বিশ্বে যে কেন্দ্রীয় গ্রহ আছে, তা থেকে যে  আলো জ্যোতি দেখা যাবে তা হল পরম শক্তি অধিকারই এক ঈশ্বরের জ্যোতি বা আলো।
বিজ্ঞানীরা পৃথিবীর বাহির কিছু অংশ কে খোঁজ করে বোকার মত বলছে ঈশ্বরের অস্তিত্ব নাই।
ধরেন, ভবিষ্যতে বিজ্ঞানীরা যদি বলে, “ঈশ্বর আছে” তখন আগের যারা ঈশ্বর কে বিশ্বাস করে নাই, বোকা বিজ্ঞানীরা কথা শুনে। অবিশ্বাস হয়ে শেষ নিশ্বাস ত্যাগ করেছে তাদের যে পরিমাণ ক্ষতি হয়ে গিয়েছিল তার ক্ষতি পূরণ কি কোনো বিজ্ঞানী কি দিতে পারবে।

এখন আপনাদের মনে প্রশ্ন হতে পারে কি ক্ষতি হবে, যদি কোনো মানুষ ঈশ্বর কে  বিশ্বাস না করা অবস্থায় মারা যায়।
সকল মানুষ মৃত্যু পর আবার জীবিত হবে ঈশ্বরের আদেশে অর্থাৎ
মানুষের দেহের মৃত্যুর পর পচন ধরে। ঈশ্বর প্রতিটি মানুষের শরীরে যতটুকু অংশ পচন ধরে মাটিতে পরিণত হয় তা একটি নির্দিষ্ট বই লিখে রাখেন। একটা নির্দিষ্ট সময় মানুষের  শরীর আবার পুনরায় গঠিত হবে।  তখন মানুষ মৃত্যুর আগে যে রকম শরীর বহন করে জীবিত ছিল ঠিক একই রকম দেহ নিয়ে মানুষ আবার জীবিত হয়ে যাবে। কিন্তু দুঃখের বিষয় হচ্ছে, যারা ঈশ্বর কে ও পূণরায় জীবিত হওয়া কে অবিশ্বাস করেছে বা করবে তারও আবার জীবিত হবে কিন্তু অবিশ্বাসই মানুষের  দেহ প্রতিবন্ধী হিসাবে  পুনরায় গঠিত হবে। অর্থাৎ অবিশ্বাসের দল বোবা,কানা,বয়রা, হিসাবে আবার পৃথিবীতে পুনরায় জীবিত হবে।

এর মানে হলো, বিজ্ঞানীদের জ্ঞানের সীমাবদ্ধতা উপর যারা, অসীম বিশ্বাস করে ঈশ্বর কে অবিশ্বাস করে ছিল বা করছে বা পুনরায় জীবিত হওয়া কে অবিশ্বাস করেছিল বা করছে। তাদের  ফলাফল হবে প্রতিবন্ধী হয়ে আবার জীবিত হওয়ার  মাধ্যমে এর খেসারত দেওয়া।

লেখক: যুবাইর মাহমুদ তালুকদার।

Media Law in Bangladesh

Media Law Lecturer:

Printing presses and Publications ( declaration and Registration) Act 1973
Learning points:

1. The Objective of this Act: page: 237
 long title Preamble
The object of this act is to provide for declaration for keeping of printing press and publication of newspaper and registration of books.

1. Books: It includes every volume, pamphlet, in any language, every sheet of music, map  chart or  plane separately printed.
2. Editor: Editor means the person who control the selection of the matter that is published in a newspaper.
3. Newspaper: Newspaper means any periodical সাময়িক work containing  public news or comments on public news and including such other class of periodically works authorised by the Government.
4. Painter: painter means the person who owns or keeps in his possession any press for the painting of books or papers.
5. printing press: It  includes all engines machinery types lithographic stones implement and other plant or materials used for the purpose of painting.
6. Publisher: publisher is the person who undertakes or is in control or is responsible for the publication of book  or  paper and also includes the proprietor  of the publishing concern.
7. Authenticated Declaration it means a declaration made under section 7 and  authenticated under section 12.


3.Conditions of keeping painting press:

The conditions have been discussed in Section 4 of this Act. In order to keep printing press the person shall have to make a declaration in the form of A and to be submitted before the District Magistrate within whose local jurisdiction the press may be
 however if the location of the press is changed a fresh declaration to be made before the connected District  Magistrate.



4. Publication of newspaper:

In order to publish newspaper certain rules shall have to be fulfilled. preconditions of publication of newspaper.
1. Before publication of newspaper and authentication declaration is a must in respect thereof.
2. The name of the editor to be printed on newspaper.
3. The Printer and the publisher of every Newspaper shall appear before the District  Magistrate  at the time of making declaration in the form of B.
4. To get license of Publication the printer, the publisher, the Editor shall have to be major under the majority Act.
(5)
Effect of non Publication
After getting the  from- B declaration authentication under section 12 the newspaper shall have to be published within the three months. If it is not published within 3 months the declaration Shell be Null and Void. (Problem
After publishing newspaper on-a) for daily newspaper if Publication is postponed for more than 3 months; b) for newspaper other than the dailies. if it is postponed for a period more than 6 month the declaration shall be Null and Void.



5. Registration of Books:

Section 27 of this Act deals with essentials of registration of books and prescribes the procedure of registration of books.
   A Book shall contain following particulars to be registered

1. The title of the book and the contents of the title page, with a translation into Bangle of such title and contents, When the same is not in Bangle language.
2. The language in which the book is written,
3. The name of the author, translator or editor of the book or any part,
4. The subject matter of  the Book,
5. The place of painting and place of Publication,
6. The name of the painter and the name of the publisher,
7. The date of issue from the Press or place of the publication,
8. The number of sheets and pages,
9. Number of editors,
10. Number of copy of which the editor consists,
11. Whether  the book is Painted or lithography,
12. The price at which the book is sold to the public.
13. The name and residence of the proprietor of the copy right.
After fulfilling these condition the book to be submitted before  connected officer nominated  by the government for this purpose. After receiving it the concern Officer shall register It and keep a serial mentioning the particulars of the books in the government  Record.
After complying with section 27 the book shall be published in the official Gazette under section 28.



Authenticated Declaration:

 we know to get license for publication of newspaper or for keeping print a person needs to make a declaration under section 7 of this Act.  The declaration needs to be authenticated for it’s validity. According to section 12 District Magistrate shell authenticate The declaration if it complies  with the following conditions.
Section: 12
1. Each of the duplicate, originals of every declaration made under section 7,
2. The proprietor,  the printer and the publisher must be a citizen of Bangladesh.
3. The proprietor if not painter or publisher shell authorise then in the declaration.
4. The title of the newspaper shall not match with any existing newspaper in and out of Bangladesh.
5. The painter or the publisher shall not be  convicted for any offence relating to moral turpitude within 5 years before the date of it’s making such  declaration.
6. The painter or publisher must not be the lunatic or unsound,
7. The proprietor or publisher much have financial resources for the purpose of Publication.
8. The editor must have reasonable educational qualification and adequate training in journalism.
If the aforementioned conditions are fulfilled The declaration shall get authenticated by the District Magistrate.


Refusal to authenticate the  Declaration:

If the District Magistrate refuges to authenticate the declaration the person making the declaration may within 45 days of such refusal prefer an Appeal to the press Appellate Board. The decision of the Appellate Board shall be the final in this regard.


Deadline of Authentication:

After receiving the declaration the District Magistrate is supposed to authenticate or makes his decision within 60 days. If he fails to do so the person making the declaration may prefer an appeal to the press Appellate Board asking for decoration in favour of authentication.
 Cancellation of authentication Declaration:
 Section 20 of this Act discusses on the grounds of cancellation of authentication.

Declaration can be cancelled on following grounds:

1. The proprietor or The printer or The publisher has ceased স্থগিত /Suspended to be a citizen of Bangladesh,
2. The painter or  publisher has been convicted of an offence relating to moral Turpitude.
3. The printer or the publisher has been found lunatic or unsound,
4. The proprietor or publisher has t resource the financial capabilities,
 Remedy against cancellation:
 The aggrieved person may be prefer and appeal against the decision of cancellation within 60 days before that press Appellate Board..


Press Appellate Board:

Section 2 (a) of this Act establishes the press  Appellate Board. The press  Appellate Board  shall be consisted of following members
 namely
1. Chairman of the Press Council,
2. A member of the said Press Council nominated by the Chairman,
3. An officer in the service of the Republic nominated by the government not below the rank of joint secretary.

The Press Council Act 1974

Composition of the press Council:

The press Council of Bangladesh comprised of 15 members. There shall be as chairman of  the press council who shall be a judge of the supreme court nominated by the President of Bangladesh Among 14 members-

Three  will be working journalists.

 Three will be editor of the news Agencies.

 Three will be owners of the news Agencies.

A penal of 3 experts who  will be nominated by the UGC, Bangladesh Academy and Bangladesh Bar council.

 Rest  2  members will be MPs nominated by the speaker. 

Establishment of press council: MCQ very Importance for exam.

 The Press Council Act was passed in 1974 with an object to Preserve freedom of press to  maintain and improve the standard of newspaper and news Agencies in Bangladesh. The first Press Council was established in 1979. The Press Council he started to walk in 1980. 

In order to ensure better standard in journalism the Press Council took the code of conduct for the newspapers and News Agency in 1993.

Press council

The object and function of the Bangladesh Press Council (BPC):

i. The object of Bangladesh  Press Council is to Preserve the freedom of press and to maintain and improve the standard of newspaper and news Agencies.

ii. The Council shall have the following function to fulfill it’s object:-

a) To help newspaper and news Agencies to maintain their freedom,

b) To build up a code of conduct for journalists   as well as for  newspapers and News Agencies,

c) To ensure on the part of  newspaper  journalist sense of responsibility journalism and  foster লালনপালন করা a due sense  of both the rights and responsibilities দায়িত্ব of citizenship.

d) To encourage  sense of responsibility and Public Service among all the engaged in the profession of journalism,

e) To keep under the review the development of the initiatives উদ্যোগ taken by it,

f) To  keep under the review cases of the assistance taken by any newspaper on newspaper agency in Bangladesh form any foreign source permitted by the Government,

g) To undertake দায়িত্বগ্রহণ করা studies  and  research of national and foreign newspapers their  circulation প্রচলন and impact প্রভাব ।

h) To provide the facilities for the proper education and training of persons  in the profession of journalism.

i) To promote technical or  other research,

j) To  promote a proper function relationship among all person engaged in journalism,

k) Finally to do some other acts which are incidental to discharge বাদ হয়ে the above-mentioned functions.

***

Laws related to film 

Generally film  or the area of Film  includes  making of films,  Exhibition of films, rules regarding exhibition and place of exhibition. To cover these areas we have two laws-

1. The cinematograph Act, 1918

2. The censorship of Film Act, 1963

The synopsis of cinematography act 1918

This Act protects the interest of all persons involved in making of Films.

Cinematograph exhibition to be Licensed:

 Section 3 Under this section n person must have to Get  license for Exhibitions of films from the government in accordance with the law That means, without  getting permission from the government. Exhibition of film is not possible. 

This permission is called license for exhibition of films. 

Licensing Authority:m

Section 4 deals with licensing authority and the licensing authority shall be  the Deputy commissioner (DC).

Essentials to Get license:

 Section 5 of this act deals  with the conditions which need to be fulfilled to get license for exhibition of Films.

1) The person who seeks license much  follow or satisfy the rules made under this Act.

2) It must  have sufficient  arrangement for ensuring the safety of persons attending the exhibition.

3) A conditions shall be inserted/ added in every license that the license will not exhibit or প্রদর্শক permit to exhibit in such place any film other than a film which   has been certified as a suitable for public exhibition

4) Lisencing  may urgent  conditional license.

The censorship of films Act 1963:

The films which are suitable for public exhibition can only get permission for exhibition. Therefore, It is important to ascertain  whether a particular film  is suitable or not for exhibition. The censor board  plays this important role. 

Constitution of the Censor Board: under section: 3

 It shall be constituted of a Chairman and such member of members not exceeding 14 appointed by the Government.

 The object of the Censor Board is to examine and certify film for public exhibition if it is suitable for public exhibition.

Certification of Films 

      A film gets certificate Under Section 4 of The censorship of films Act 1963

          The process is as a follow:-

1) The person  shall submit the film with application before the Bangladesh film Censor Board. 

2) After receiving application the board will constitute team to examine the film.

3) If the board finds the film suitable for public exhibition it will grant license.

4) sometime the license may be conditional.

Appeal: section 4b

If the Censor Board will not grant license.

The aggrieved person have the rights to being appeal before the Government agencies the decision of the Censor Board.

According to Section 4b appeal shall have to be made within 30 days form the date of receipt of such decision.

 Suspension of Certificate: section 5

The Deputy commission shall have the power to suspend certificate  under the Section 5 of this Act.

if He finds any film is not suitable for public exhibition.

Seizure  of Film section: 7A

If any film contravenes any prohibition set by the Government for exhibition or after getting license Contravenes   afterwards  and the Board has reason to believe it, It  may order in writing The police officer not below the rank of sub inspector or any  District Information Officer to  search such place and seize the films.  

Section 8: Penalty: 10,000 or 3 years or five thousand take per day or three months.

a) If a person does Exhibition an illegal movie;

b) Modifies an approved movie;

c) Displays Unauthorized movies;

d) It breaks any section of the law.

e) He shall be punishable with fine which may extend to take ten thousand, or he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, but not less than one year, or with both.

and if the crime continues, he will be fined more than five thousand taka per day.

f) The court shall be forfeited the Film to the Government.

g) The court may pass the sentence that the cinematograph film shall not be exhibited in that place for such period. But the period or time shall not be exceeding three months.

Writer: Jubaer Ahmed

Advocate of Bangladesh Supreme Court.